In the quiet village of Keezhadi near Madurai, Tamil Nadu, archaeologists have been unearthing a buried city that has rewritten India’s history. The Keezhadi excavations, begun in 2015 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and later carried forward by the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology, have revealed evidence of an advanced urban settlement linked to the ancient Sangam Age (roughly 500 BCE – 300 CE).
What was once a sleepy hamlet is now a key to understanding one of the world’s oldest literate civilizations — the Tamil Sangam civilization.
The Sangam Civilization: A Background
The Sangam period, remembered through classical Tamil literature, described flourishing cities, skilled poets, maritime trade, and vibrant cultural life. Yet for long, historians debated whether these literary accounts had archaeological evidence to support them.
Keezhadi changed the conversation.
Discoveries at Keezhadi
Excavations have revealed a remarkable urban settlement spread across several hectares along the Vaigai River valley. Among the key findings:
- Urban Planning: Foundations of brick structures, walls, and drainage channels suggest a planned city with sophisticated infrastructure.
- Artifacts of Daily Life: Beads, spindle whorls, pottery, and iron tools point to a thriving craft industry.
- Writing Evidence: Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions etched on pottery shards indicate widespread literacy during the Sangam age. One famous potsherd bore the words “Aanthan” — a personal name — proving written communication.
- Water Management: Wells and terracotta ring structures show advanced water systems, vital for sustaining urban life in a river valley.
- Cultural Links: The material culture matches Sangam literary descriptions of weaving, bead-making, and metalwork, showing a strong connection between text and archaeology.
Shifting the Timeline
Perhaps the most revolutionary discovery was the dating of organic samples (like charcoal) found at Keezhadi. Using radiocarbon dating, the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department announced that human activity at Keezhadi dates back to 6th century BCE.
This pushed back the timeline of urbanized Tamil civilization to 2,600 years ago — contemporary with or even earlier than the Mauryan empire in North India. It suggested that the Tamil region had an independent trajectory of urbanization parallel to the Gangetic plain.
Literacy and Culture
Keezhadi provided physical proof of widespread literacy during the Sangam era. The presence of Tamil-Brahmi script on everyday objects like pots indicated that writing was not restricted to elites but part of common culture.
This resonates with the Sangam poems, which speak of bustling cities where trade, poetry, and politics thrived side by side. The finds bridge the gap between literature and archaeology, showing that Sangam texts were not only poetic imagination but grounded in real urban life.
Trade and Connectivity
Keezhadi also revealed evidence of craft production — beads of semi-precious stones, terracotta figurines, and iron implements. These items suggest active trade networks, possibly connecting Tamilakam to regions as far as Rome, Egypt, and Southeast Asia, as classical accounts and Sangam poetry claim.
The Vaigai river valley, fertile and strategically located, may have been a hub of this thriving civilization.
Why Keezhadi Matters
- Redefining Indian History: Keezhadi challenges the old notion that urbanization in India was primarily a Gangetic phenomenon. It shows that Tamilakam had its own urban centers in the early historic period.
- Sangam Literature Proven: The finds align with classical Tamil texts, validating their historical authenticity.
- Cultural Pride: For Tamils, Keezhadi affirms an ancient, unbroken cultural lineage stretching back over 2,500 years.
- Broader Civilizational Context: It contributes to global history by revealing another cradle of urban culture, literacy, and trade in southern India.
Challenges and Debates
The excavations have not been free of controversy. Some scholars argue about interpretations — whether Keezhadi shows “urban” character or just a prosperous rural settlement. Others debate how far it can be directly tied to Sangam literature.
There are also calls for continued funding, preservation, and transparent publication of results, to ensure Keezhadi receives the recognition it deserves.
